Search results for "Urban Areas"
showing 10 items of 44 documents
Reviewing the role of ecosystems services in the sustainability of the urban environment: A multi-country analysis
2020
The urban environment is characterised by many pressures caused by population growth, transport (and its related emissions), and the damage to green areas. Yet, there is a variety of ecosystem services available in urban areas, which may be deployed to ameliorate the current problems and foster their sustainability. This paper reviews the role of ecosystem services as tools for sustainability, based on an urban setting. It also describes a series of multi-country case studies, where an assessment of their functions using a set of benefits valuation approaches such as health benefits, economic benefits, social benefits and benefits to climate resilience, are provided, along with an appraisal…
Significance of chronic toxoplasmosis in epidemiology of road traffic accidents in Russian Federation
2017
Studies carried out in Moscow residents have revealed that the prevalence of chronic toxoplasmosis is very close to those in countries of Eastern and Central Europe. Our findings also demonstrated a statistically significant relationship between the rate of traffic accidents and the seroprevalence of chronic toxoplasmosis in drivers who were held responsible for accidents. The latter was 2.37 times higher in drivers who were involved in road accidents compared with control groups. These results suggest that the consequences of chronic toxoplasmosis (particularly a slower reaction time and decreased concentration) might contribute to the peculiarities of the epidemiology of road traffic acci…
Socioeconomic inequalities in injury mortality in small areas of 15 European cities.
2013
This study analysed socioeconomic inequalities in mortality due to injuries in small areas of 15 European cities, by sex, at the beginning of this century. A cross-sectional ecological study with units of analysis being small areas within 15 European cities was conducted. Relative risks of injury mortality associated with the socioeconomic deprivation index were estimated using hierarchical Bayesian model. The number of small areas varies from 17 in Bratislava to 2666 in Turin. The median population per small area varies by city (e.g. Turin had 274 inhabitants per area while Budapest had 76,970). Socioeconomic inequalities in all injury mortality are observed in the majority of cities and a…
Les dynamiques du périurbain dijonnais entre 1990 et 1999
2009
Un étalement urbain accompagne désormais la croissance des villes, notamment les plus grandes. Principalement expliqué par un desserrement résidentiel, il est aussi la résultante des dynamiques de centralisation de l’emploi et de spécialisation des zones d’activité à l’intérieur des aires urbaines. L’exemple dijonnais met bien en lumière ce double mouvement qui affecte les communes de sa périphérie et contribue à accroître les mobilités. Urban sprawl arises from the growth of cities, especially of the biggest cities. This urban sprawl is accounted for mainly by residential clearing. It results also from the dynamics of centralization of employment and from specialization of activity zones i…
Carbon Stocks in Peri-Urban Areas: A Case Study of Remote Sensing Capabilities
2014
Peri-urban areas are the extension of cities into contiguous areas, where households and farms coexist. Carbon stocks (CSs) assessment, a concept here extended to urban features, has not yet been studied in depth over peri-urban areas due to uncertainties in such CSs quantification, level of detail required about construction materials, and the high spatial variability of those stocks. Remote sensing (RS)-based techniques have been successfully utilized in urban areas for assessing phenomena such as soil sealing, sprawl patterns, and dynamics of surface imperviousness, especially focusing on land cover classification at high to medium spatial scales. Over the floodplain study area of Emilia…
Bryophyte investigations in urban areas: diversity of bryoflora of Erice town.
2016
This work is part of a study of bryophyte floras of Sicilian towns that has highlighted the presence in these environments of interesting taxa from the taxonomic and phytogeographical point of view (1, 2, 3, 4). Given its location, perched at 750 m a.s.l. on the S. Giuliano Mount at the northwestern tip of Sicily, the town of Erice has a climate which, although typically Mediterranean, has a strong wet connotation for the frequent presence of fog, especially in the winter time. These features contribute to creating conditions particularly suited to host bryophytes that grow both on artifacts and on phorophytes present in the city and specially in the Balio urban park. The study has allowed …
Risk factors for central nervous system tumors in children: New findings from a case-control study
2017
BACKGROUND: Central nervous system tumors (CNS) are the most frequent solid tumor in children. Causes of CNS tumors are mainly unknown and only 5% of the cases can be explained by genetic predisposition. We studied the effects of environmental exposure on the incidence of CNS tumors in children by subtype, according to exposure to industrial and/or urban environment, exposure to crops and according to socio-economic status of the child. METHODS: We carried out a population-based case-control study of CNS tumors in Spain, covering 714 incident cases collected from the Spanish Registry of Childhood Tumors (period 1996-2011) and 4284 controls, individually matched by year of birth, sex, and au…
Polarization and suburbanisation in Warsaw
2001
The economic transition in Poland leads to a restructuration of economic activities which affects spatial patterns of cities, especially in Warsaw. Analyzing the location and re-location of population and employment in Poland’s capital allows to enlarge the debate on the suburbanization forms to the Central and Oriental European Countries. The results support the fact that the city center is still largely the most important district in terms of population andemployment, so that in 1999 the city keeps a strong monocentric character. However, from 1994 to 1999, population and employment move towards the Warsaw’s suburbs. Two significant observations, namely the suburbanization of retailing an…
Empirical tests of the multicentric urban models
1999
Since the seventies the effects of city size growth and diversification of economic activities on the multipolarisation of economic activities have questioned the theoretical and empirical appropriateness of the monocentric urban pattern to explain and describe the spatial organization of the modern metropolitan areas. New assumptions were based on multicentric and nonmonocentric urban economics models, which have become the core of new economic geography analysis during the nineties. At the same time, a lot of empirical studies have attempted to describe the urban economic patterns of North American metropolitan areas. Using this empirical literature, the aim of this paper is to propose a …
Evaluating the citywide Edinburgh 20mph speed limit intervention effects on traffic speed and volume: A pre-post observational evaluation.
2021
Objectives Traffic speed is important to public health as it is a major contributory factor to collision risk and casualty severity. 20mph (32km/h) speed limit interventions are an increasingly common approach to address this transport and health challenge, but a more developed evidence base is needed to understand their effects. This study describes the changes in traffic speed and traffic volume in the City of Edinburgh, pre- and 12 months post-implementation of phased city-wide 20mph speed limits from 2016–2018. Methods The City of Edinburgh Council collected speed and volume data across one full week (24 hours a day) pre- and post-20mph speed limits for 66 streets. The pre- and post-sp…